100 Most Frequently Asked Constitutional Articles — Quick Reference Table

Constitutional article numbers are among the most predictable PSC questions. This single-table reference covers the 100 articles most frequently tested. Memorize the article number and the one-line explanation.

Master Table: 100 Important Constitutional Articles

Art.	Provision	One-Line Explanation
1	Name and territory of the Union	India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States
2	Admission/establishment of new states	Parliament may admit or establish new states by law
3	Formation/alteration of states	Parliament can change boundaries, names of existing states
5	Citizenship at commencement	Persons domiciled and born in India are citizens
12	Definition of State	Includes Government, Parliament, Legislature, local authorities
13	Laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights	Laws violating FRs are void to the extent of inconsistency
14	Equality before law	State shall not deny equality before law or equal protection
15	Prohibition of discrimination	No discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth
16	Equality of opportunity in public employment	No citizen shall be ineligible for public office on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex
17	Abolition of Untouchability	Practice of untouchability is an offence punishable by law
18	Abolition of titles	No title (except military/academic) shall be conferred by the State
19	Six freedoms	Speech, assembly, association, movement, residence, profession
20	Protection against conviction	No ex post facto laws, no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination
21	Right to life and personal liberty	No person shall be deprived of life or liberty except by procedure established by law
21A	Right to education	Free and compulsory education for children aged 6-14 (86th Amendment)
22	Protection against arrest/detention	Right to be informed of grounds, right to consult lawyer
23	Prohibition of human trafficking	Traffic in human beings and forced labour prohibited
24	Prohibition of child labour	No child below 14 shall work in factory, mine, or hazardous employment
25	Freedom of conscience and religion	All persons have right to freely profess, practice, propagate religion
26	Freedom to manage religious affairs	Religious denominations can manage their own affairs
29	Protection of interests of minorities	Any section with distinct language/script/culture has right to conserve it
30	Right of minorities to establish educational institutions	Linguistic and religious minorities can establish and administer institutions
32	Right to constitutional remedies	Right to move Supreme Court for enforcement of FRs (“Heart and Soul of Constitution” — Ambedkar)
36	Definition (DPSP)	In Part IV, “State” has same meaning as in Part III
38	State to secure social order	State shall strive to promote welfare and minimize inequalities
39	Certain principles of policy	Equal pay for equal work, protection of children
39A	Free legal aid	State shall provide free legal aid to ensure justice (42nd Amendment)
40	Organisation of village panchayats	State shall organise village panchayats as units of self-government
41	Right to work, education, public assistance	State shall secure right to work within economic capacity
43	Living wage for workers	State shall endeavour to secure living wage and decent standard of life
44	Uniform Civil Code	State shall endeavour to secure UCC throughout India
45	Early childhood care and education	State shall provide ECCE for children until age 6 (changed by 86th Amendment)
46	Promotion of weaker sections	State shall promote educational/economic interests of SC/ST
48	Organisation of agriculture	State shall organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern lines
48A	Protection of environment	State shall protect and improve environment, safeguard forests and wildlife (42nd Amendment)
49	Protection of monuments	State shall protect monuments of national importance
50	Separation of judiciary from executive	State shall take steps to separate judiciary from executive
51	Promotion of international peace	State shall promote international peace and foster respect for international law
51A	Fundamental Duties	11 duties of citizens (added by 42nd Amendment; 11th duty by 86th Amendment)
52	The President of India	There shall be a President of India
53	Executive power of the Union	Vested in the President, exercised through officers
54	Election of President	By an electoral college (elected MPs + elected MLAs of states + Delhi + Puducherry)
55	Manner of election of President	By proportional representation with single transferable vote
56	Term of office of President	5 years from date of assuming office
58	Qualifications for President	Citizen of India, 35+ years, qualified for Lok Sabha membership
61	Impeachment of President	By Parliament; process initiated in either House
63	The Vice President	There shall be a Vice President of India
66	Election of Vice President	By members of both Houses of Parliament (electoral college)
72	Pardoning power of President	Can grant pardon, reprieve, respite, remission, commutation
73	Extent of executive power of Union	Co-extensive with legislative power of Parliament
74	Council of Ministers to aid President	There shall be a Council of Ministers with PM at the head
75	Appointment of PM and Ministers	PM appointed by President; Ministers appointed on PM’s advice
76	Attorney General of India	Appointed by President; must be qualified to be SC judge
79	Constitution of Parliament	Parliament = President + Rajya Sabha + Lok Sabha
80	Composition of Rajya Sabha	Maximum 250 members (238 elected + 12 nominated)
81	Composition of Lok Sabha	Maximum 552 members (530 states + 20 UTs + 2 Anglo-Indians — now lapsed)
83	Duration of Houses	RS: continuous, 1/3 retire every 2 years; LS: 5 years
85	Sessions, prorogation, dissolution	President summons, prorogues Parliament; dissolves Lok Sabha
100	Voting in Parliament	Decided by majority; Speaker/Chairman has casting vote
108	Joint sitting of both Houses	In case of deadlock; presided by Speaker of Lok Sabha
110	Definition of Money Bill	Certified by Speaker of Lok Sabha
112	Annual Financial Statement (Budget)	President shall cause the annual budget to be laid before Parliament
123	Ordinance-making power of President	When Parliament not in session; valid for 6 weeks after reassembly
124	Establishment and constitution of SC	Supreme Court of India with CJI and other judges
129	SC as Court of Record	SC is a court of record with power to punish for contempt
137	Review of SC judgments	SC can review its own judgments
143	Advisory jurisdiction of SC	President can seek SC opinion on questions of law/fact
148	Comptroller and Auditor General	CAG appointed by President; audits Union and State accounts
152	Definition of State (Part VI)	“State” does not include J and K (now amended)
153	Governors of States	There shall be a Governor for each State
155	Appointment of Governor	Appointed by President
161	Pardoning power of Governor	Can grant pardon for offences against state law (not court-martial or death sentence)
163	Council of Ministers to aid Governor	CM heads the Council of Ministers
165	Advocate General of State	Appointed by Governor; legal advisor to state government
170	Composition of Legislative Assembly	60-500 members
171	Composition of Legislative Council	Not more than 1/3 of Assembly strength, not less than 40
200	Assent to bills by Governor	Governor may assent, withhold, or reserve for President
213	Ordinance-making power of Governor	When Assembly not in session
214	High Courts for States	There shall be a High Court for each State
226	Writ jurisdiction of High Courts	HCs can issue writs for FRs and for any other purpose
243	Panchayati Raj (Part IX)	Gram Sabha, 3-tier panchayat system (73rd Amendment)
243P	Municipalities (Part IXA)	Urban local bodies (74th Amendment)
246	Subject matter of laws	Union List, State List, Concurrent List in 7th Schedule
249	RS can empower Parliament on State List	By 2/3 majority, in national interest
256	Obligation of states to comply with Union laws	States must comply; Union can give directions
263	Inter-State Council	President may establish for coordination
265	Taxes not to be imposed except by authority of law	No tax shall be levied except by authority of law
280	Finance Commission	Constituted every 5 years by President
300A	Right to property	No person shall be deprived of property except by authority of law (legal right, not FR)
311	Dismissal of civil servants	Protection for civil servants — not dismissed without inquiry
312	All India Services	RS can create new All India Services by 2/3 majority
315	Public Service Commissions	UPSC and State PSCs
320	Functions of PSCs	Advise on recruitment, disciplinary matters, civil service rules
324	Election Commission	Superintendence and control of elections vested in EC
326	Adult suffrage	Elections to LS and Assemblies on basis of adult suffrage (18+ years)
330	Reservation in LS for SC/ST	Seats reserved for SC and ST in Lok Sabha
335	Claims of SC/ST to services	Consistent with efficiency of administration
343	Official language of the Union	Hindi in Devanagari script; English continues
348	Language of SC and HCs	English until Parliament provides otherwise
352	National Emergency	President can proclaim if security of India is threatened
356	State Emergency (President’s Rule)	If state government cannot function per Constitution
360	Financial Emergency	If financial stability of India is threatened
368	Power to amend the Constitution	Parliament can amend by special majority (and ratification for federal provisions)
370	Special status of J and K	Now effectively inoperative after abrogation (2019)

Key Article Groups for Quick Recall

Group	Articles	Topic
Fundamental Rights	12-35	Part III
DPSPs	36-51	Part IV
Fundamental Duties	51A	Part IVA (11 duties)
Union Executive	52-78	President, VP, PM, AG
Parliament	79-122	RS, LS, legislative process
Union Judiciary	124-147	Supreme Court
State Executive	152-167	Governor, CM
State Legislature	168-212	Assembly, Council
State Judiciary	214-237	High Courts
Panchayats	243-243O	Part IX (73rd Amendment)
Municipalities	243P-243ZG	Part IXA (74th Amendment)
Emergency	352-360	National, State, Financial
Amendment	368	Part XX